Standalone Hybrid Photovoltaic with Battery and Hydrogen Storage System for Electric Vehicle Charging in Residential Application

The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) demands more efficient and sustainable energy solutions. Conventional Photovoltaic (PV) with battery systems face challenges like battery degradation and depth-of-discharge limitations. To address this, the study proposes a hybrid photovoltaic-battery-hydrogen energy storage (PV-BHES) system for EV charging. Hydrogen storage is integrated to enhance energy resilience and reduce battery cycling. System optimization is conducted using HOMER software, while MATLAB is used to handle power flow analysis. The system is sized based on a typical 8 kW EV charging demand. The optimized configuration consists of 10 kW PV, 5 kW battery, and 3 kW electrolyzer, supplying 58 kWh/day for EV usage. In addition, a techno-economic comparison is done with a conventional PV-battery system which shows that PV-BHES reduces Net Present Cost (NPC) by 67.2% to MYR 124,338 and lowers the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) by 50.5% to RM 0.53/kWh. Although PV-BHES has a slightly higher operating cost, it offers a 34.3% lower investment requirement, and a 22.9% faster payback period of 5.4 years compared to PV-battery alone. These findings prove PV-BHES as a more sustainable and cost-effective EV charging solution, supporting the development of resilient microgrids for future renewable-based transportation infrastructure.