Electromagnetic Effects of 5G Modulation on Substation Wireless Sensing Devices

With the rapid advancement of 5 G, its highfrequency bands and dense deployment may expose substation wireless sensing devices to complex electromagnetic interference. While prior studies focus on 5 G base station interference with large electrical equipment, the impact of different modulation schemes on low-power substation devices remains unclear. This paper examines the electromagnetic effects of multi-dimensional 4096-QAM modulation on wireless sensing devices in 5G-enabled substations. It first outlines modulation principles and the benefits of QAM for bandwidth and capacity. Then, it derives minimum Euclidean distances for 2D, 3D, and 4D 4096-QAM constellations and analyzes their average constellation energy, linking it to transmission power. Finally, using the 500 kV Guandu Substation as a case study, BER expressions for these QAM schemes are derived and validated via simulation.