Comparative Study of Home Energy Management Systems under Varying Photovoltaic and Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates

With the rapid development and extensive application of smart grids, home energy management systems (HEMS) have emerged as an indispensable tool for consumers to participate in demand response and interact with distribution system operators. Although research into demand response from the perspective of grid-side benefits is well-established, there has been limited focus on maximizing profits on the user side, potentially hindering the broader adoption of demand response mechanisms. This paper addresses this gap by examining flexibility quantification from the user's perspective. Initially, the paper offers a comprehensive analysis and summary of the current state of HEMS and demand response research both domestically and internationally. Using a community equipped with photovoltaics (PV) and electric vehicles (EV) as the research subject, models were developed for household appliances, PV systems, energy storage devices, and EVs within the HEMS. Subsequently, an optimization model for home energy management was constructed. This model, targeting minimized energy costs and maximized price arbitrage, incorporates constraints such as the operational conditions of household appliances and the state of charge for storage batteries and EV s. The derived energy usage plans were compared to rule-based HEMS without price arbitrage under different penetration rates of PV sand EV s, validating the effectiveness of the methodology proposed in this paper.