Seascape genomics: Assisting marine biodiversity management by combining genetic knowledge with environmental and ecological information

Biodiversity, including genetic diversity, is the foundation of ecosystems and supports the well-being of all organisms, including humans. Determining how the marine environment shapes genetic diversity and developing best practices to conserve it requires a multi-disciplinary approach that incorporates genomic and environmental information. Seascape genetics and genomics combine spatially resolved ecological, genomic, and environmental data, coupled with modeling to explore past, present, and future patterns of diversity and connectivity. Seascape genetics and genomics provide scientists and managers with a multi-faceted tool that can be applied across a wide range of species and incorporated into marine spatial management. Despite the proven importance of genetic diversity for species resilience, the incorporation of genetic and genomic data is grossly underrepresented in policy, decision-making, and conservation measures. Here, we aim to support the understanding and access to information on seascape genetics and genomics for conservation and environmental management practitioners. We explain how integrating environment, space, traits, and genetics or genomics can advance marine spatial management. We use two advanced case studies to outline methodology and concepts of seascape genomics and the respective policy context, although management uptake is still pending. Lastly, we review the present status of seascape genomics research and discuss challenges, strengths, and future opportunities by providing a road map. We present a successful management uptake case study that could aid the integration of seascape genomics into biodiversity management.