Transitioning toward sustainable dairy systems in Europe: A systematic literature review

The European Union makes a significant contribution to the global dairy industry, producing an estimated 160.8 million tons of milk in 2023, which accounts for more than 20% of the world's total milk production. However, the sector faces increasing pressure to align with sustainability goals amid economic constraints, environmental degradation, climate change, and evolving societal expectations. This systematic literature review examines the transition toward sustainable dairy systems across Europe by synthesizing peer-reviewed studies published over the past decade. It analyzes the range of agroecological practices being implemented, such as rotational grazing, breed selection, and reduced-input systems, alongside the roles played by policy frameworks, socio-economic drivers, and technological innovations. The review identifies key barriers to progress, including fragmented policy support, data limitations, and insufficient incentives for farmers. At the same time, it highlights opportunities for a just and effective transition, emphasizing the importance of multiactor collaboration and the urgent need for standardized evaluation frameworks across diverse agroecosystems. This study provides a conceptual and practical foundation to guide future research, policymaking, and on-the-ground initiatives aimed at fostering resilient and sustainable dairy systems in Europe.