Extracellular matrix biomimetics for pancreatic tissue engineering

Isolated islet transplantation offers a safer and less invasive alternative to whole pancreas transplantation for patients with complicated type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, the procedure faces significant challenges, including the loss of vascularization, innervation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) support. Additionally, factors such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and the cytotoxic effects of immunosuppressive therapy compromise islet viability significantly and limit long-term graft function. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies aim to address these challenges. A central objective is the development of biocompatible, biomimetic ECM scaffolds (frameworks, carriers, or matrices) that can provide both mechanical support and a suitable microenvironment for islet cells in vitro and in vivo . This review aims to systematize current data on the use of biomimetic ECMs in the creation of stable, tissue-engineered pancreatic constructs.