The anatomical and neuroanatomical concepts of Galen

Claudius Galen was one of the most influential medical authors of antiquity. His anatomical and neuroanatomical doctrines, derived primarily from animal dissection, shaped medical thought from the Roman era through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period. The aim of this paper is to provide a concise overview of the life and anatomical concepts of Galen, with a focus on his influence on the development of neuroanatomy and humoral theory. Particular attention is given to the sources of his knowledge, the historical context of his writings, and their reception in subsequent centuries. Although many of Galen's anatomical beliefs were later proven inaccurate, they reflected the intellectual context and methodological constraints of his time. His work synthesized earlier knowledge with original observations and had a lasting impact on the development of medical theory. Galen's legacy illustrates the importance of critically evaluating historical sources within their cultural and scientific framework. • Galen's anatomical theories shaped medical thought for over a millennium despite reliance on animal dissection. • The paper explores Galen's concepts of cranial nerves, ventricles, and the transformation of vital spirits. • Galen believed in a rete mirabile in humans, a misconception originating from comparative animal anatomy. • The study traces Galen's influence on humoral theory, sense perception, and early neuroanatomical ideas.