Philosophical and Sociological Background of the Integration of Religion and Science

This research discusses the philosophical and sociological background behind the integration of religion and science, which have often been viewed as opposing entities. Using a literature review method, the study finds that this integration is driven by postmodernist thought as a response to the failure of modernism, which overly emphasizes positivism and empiricism. Philosophically, the integration is based on a holistic ontological view of reality, pluralistic epistemology, and axiology that promotes values beneficial for both worldly and spiritual life. Sociologically, it arises in response to modernization, secularization, a crisis of meaning, and society’s need for comprehensive education. In conclusion, the integration of religion and science is not merely an academic approach but a philosophical and social necessity for building an intellectually and spiritually balanced society.