Physical Fitness Profile of Elite Female Volleyball Players: an Observational Study Correlating Bioimpedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) with Field-Based Testing

Body composition and physical performance assessments are crucial for optimizing athletic performance in volleyball. This observational study aimed to provide preliminary comprehensive physical fitness profiles of elite female volleyball players, integrating bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) with established field-based fitness tests. Twenty-four elite female volleyball players (23.4 ± 3.7 years) underwent assessment for body composition parameters using the BIA 101 BIVA Pro (Akern, Italy). Field-based performance evaluations included handgrip strength, 20 m shuttle run test (for cardiorespiratory fitness), T-test (for change of direction speed), and sit-and-reach (for flexibility). BIVA was employed to assess hydration status and cell mass properties. This cross-sectional study adhered to STROBE guidelines. Mean weight and height were 72.6 ± 6.2 kg and 182.7 ± 5.4 cm, respectively. BIVA analysis indicated that players generally clustered within the 75% tolerance ellipse, suggesting body composition characteristics consistent with elite athletic performance. Significant correlations were observed between phase angle (PhA 6.8° ± 0.4°) and handgrip strength (HGS 33.2 ± 4.8 kg) (r = 0.73, P < 0.001), and between 20 m shuttle run test performance (level 9.8 ± 1.2) and resistance-reactance (R-Xc) graph positioning (r = –0.64, P < 0.001). Positional differences were identified for several body composition and performance metrics. For instance, outside hitters demonstrated significantly higher estimated aerobic capacity (SRT levels) compared to middle blockers and setters, while middle blockers exhibited greater strength values (e.g., higher PhA than setters and liberos). These initial findings provide preliminary BIVA patterns and physical performance parameters for elite female volleyball players, acknowledging the study’s sample size limitations. Phase angle emerges as a promising marker associated with strength capacity. The integrated application of BIVA and field-based assessments offers a practical, initial framework for monitoring training adaptations and informing individualized training approaches in elite volleyball. Further research with larger, more diverse cohorts is warranted to confirm and expand upon these findings.