Effects of Supplementation with Chlorogenic Acid-Rich Extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver During Peri-Implantation on the Reproductive Performance and Gut Microbiota of Sows

Chlorogenic acid (CGA)-rich extracts from <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliver (CAE) are known for their gut health and antioxidant benefits in livestock. This study examines the effects of CAE supplementation during the peri-implantation period on sow reproductive performance and the gut microbiota. Sixty Dongliao black sows were randomized to receive either no supplementation (control) or CAE at 600 or 2000 mg/kg daily from gestation day -5 through day 15. High-dose CAE intake significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in sow serum but decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) also increase significantly. These changes correlate with improved reproductive performance, including a larger litter size, higher numbers of live-born piglets, a greater individual birth weight of live-born piglets, a higher total litter birth weight of live-born piglets, and a lower mortality rate. 16S rRNA sequencing of the fecal microbiota revealed that CAE markedly altered microbial diversity and composition, reducing the abundance of potentially harmful bacteria but increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, supplementation with CAE during the peri-implantation phase can reduce oxidative stress, alter the gut microbiota composition, and improve sow reproductive performance, thus potentially increasing breeding farm profitability.