Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-<i>Q</i> resonators below 300 MHz
We present the limits on noise for the readout of cryogenic high-Q resonators using dc Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) below 300 MHz. This analysis uses realized first-stage SQUIDs (previously published), whose performance is well described by Tesche–Clarke (TC) theory, coupled directly to the resonators. We also present data from a prototype second-stage dc SQUID array designed to couple to this first-stage SQUID as a follow-on amplifier with high system bandwidth. This analysis is the first full consideration of dc SQUID noise performance referred to a high-Q resonator over this frequency range and is presented relative to the standard quantum limit. We include imprecision, backaction, and backaction–imprecision noise correlations from TC theory, the noise contributed by the second-stage SQUIDs, wiring, and preamplifiers, and optimizations for both on-resonance measurements and off-resonance scan sensitivity. This architecture has modern relevance due to the increased interest in axion searches and the requirements of the DMRadio-m3 axion search, which uses dc SQUIDs in this frequency range.
Authors
- Saptarshi Chaudhuri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-0983)
- D. Li
- G. C. Hilton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-467X)
- H.-M. Cho (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3921-2313)
- John Clarke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6402-7841)
- Andrew K. Yi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8822-3844)
- K. D. Irwin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2998-9743)
- W. Craddock
- Chiara P. Salemi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7429-6612)
- N. M. Rapidis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4119-8565)
- Claudia D. Tesche (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2307-9570)
- Jochen Wiedemann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5103-9421)
- C. Bartram (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7468-5992)
- Malcolm Durkin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-2525)
- A. Keller
- J. Begin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2607-4676)
- James L. Corbin
- J. Echevers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9397-1118)
- L. Brouwer
- A. Droster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2431-0823)
- Maria Simanovskaia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5512-7055)
- Leila R. Vale (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8561-2580)
- Michael Vissers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2467-7801)
- Betty Young (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4106-9488)
- K. van Bibber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1702-1292)
- L. A. Winslow (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9970-108X)
- Victoria Ankel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2891-8836)
- D. R. Schmidt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5764-0194)
- J. Singh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9916-2928)
- J. T. Fry (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-1828)
- Cynthia S. Bell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0431-685X)
- K. M. W. Pappas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4250-6766)
- E. C. van Assendelft (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8999-2506)
- K. Wells (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1162-1630)
- R. Kolevatov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0603-9622)
- D. Wright
- Joel Ullom
- N.C. Otto
- P. Stark (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0253-6821)
- S. Cuadra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9632-8427)
- A. Kunder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-7956)
Institutions
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Santa Clara University (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (US)
- Menlo School (US)
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Stanford University (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Applied Physics
- Published
- 2025-09-04
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0280831
- Primary Topic
- Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy