Comparative evaluation of potential phytopharmacological and nutritional properties of some Indigenous rhizomes of Zingiberaceae family (Alpinia calcarata, Alpinia galanga, Alpinia zerumbet) localized in Southeast Asia

Middle-class populations in rural and urban areas often lack access to modern healthcare, relying instead on traditional medicinal practices. Since ancient times, green plants have been essential in treating ailments, as seen in the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. The Zingiberaceae family, known for its nutritional and medicinal value, includes rhizomes like Alpinia calcarata, Alpinia galanga, and Alpinia zerumbet, which are widely used in Southeast Asia for their therapeutic properties. This review explores the phytopharmacological and nutritional benefits of these rhizomes, focusing on their bioactive compounds and health potential. Traditionally, these rhizomes have been used to treat digestive issues, respiratory ailments, joint pain, and skin conditions, as documented in Ayurveda and Southeast Asian folk medicine. A. calcarata is valued for its fibre and micronutrient content, making it suitable as a functional food ingredient. A. galanga, or Greater Galangal, shows strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, with studies suggesting preliminary cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. Its profile includes flavonoids, phenolic compounds, dietary fibre, and essential vitamins. A. zerumbet, or Shell Ginger, is noted for its anti-hypertensive, vasodilatory, and antispasmodic effects, aiding in hypertension and cardiovascular health. Its bioactive compounds, including zerumbone, kaempferol, and quercetin, contribute to its antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds, particularly polyphenols, help neutralize free radicals and may assist in managing hyperlipidemia and metabolic disorders. This review highlights the need for further research on these rhizomes to validate traditional uses and develop potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.