Emerging Technologies in Wearable Sweat Sensors for Next-Generation Real-Time Health Monitoring

Wearable sweat sensors (We-SS) enable noninvasive health monitoring by detecting sweat biomarkers. A bibliometric analysis of 1,006 Scopus-indexed articles (2005–2024) shows 60.9% of publications and 66.5% of citations from 2022–2024, indicating rapid growth. China and the United States lead, with strong global collaboration. We-SS detect electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl–, 10–120 mM), metabolites (lactate, 2–30 mM; glucose, 10–200 μM; uric acid, 2–200 μM), hormones (cortisol, 0.1–25 ng/mL), and trace metals (Zn2+, Cu2+, 100–1,000 μg/L) using graphene, MOFs, PEDOT:PSS, and electrochemical methods. AI/IoT integration enhance predictive diagnostics. We-SS market is projected to grow from USD 4.41 billion (2024) to USD 13.47 billion (2034) at a 11.8% CAGR, driven by preventive medicine, sports, and chronic disease management. Challenges include analytical interference, calibration stability, durability, and biocompatibility. Future innovations involve advanced nanomaterials, self-calibrating systems, robust encapsulation, and biocompatible coatings, positioning We-SS for personalized healthcare.