Versatile sorbent materials in sample preparation: Where do we go next?

Continuous advances in sample preparation methods have led to the development of enhanced strategies to address the complexity of diverse matrices in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. These methods are designed to facilitate sample clean-up and preconcentration of target analytes before analysis by different analytical instruments. In both conventional and miniaturized solid-based approaches, the analytical performance of the extraction is primarily influenced by the sorbent phase. As the sorbent is responsible for mediating the interaction between the target analytes and the extraction material, careful selection is essential. In this context, a wide range of sorbent materials has been introduced to ensure efficient and selective interactions, supporting their application in sample preparation protocols. Nevertheless, the literature still lacks comprehensive and up-to-date reviews that highlight recent advances in sorbent development, including both conventional and bio-based alternatives. Therefore, this review aims to provide a current overview of sorbent innovations, discuss emerging trends, and outline potential future directions in the field.