Nanotechnology targeting ESKAPE pathogens: Eco-friendly produced nanomaterials as an innovative antibiofilm approach

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance has made ESKAPE pathogens a severe global health hazard, owing to the limits and regular failures of conventional treatment methods. The ESKAPE pathogens ( Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter species ) are the most common causes of nosocomial diseases worldwide. Most of them are multidrug-resistant isolates, which pose one of the most significant difficulties in clinical treatment. The rising incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) advantageous infections in intensive care units (ICUs) is particularly concerning, as it poses a danger to public health and significantly impacts morbidity and death rates. MDR ESKAPE bacteria make up the great bulk of these opportunistic infections. Among these issues, nanotechnology appears as a potential area in the battle against biofilms. Considering their distinct characteristics at the nanoscale, provide novel antimicrobial techniques that are not present in standard defence mechanisms. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their anti -biofilm qualities are highlighted in this in-depth examination of nanotechnology's possibility to combat biofilms. The prevalence of resistant microorganisms and antibiotics environmental residues need immediate worldwide encounter to avoid antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These natural medications may also be improved by adding silver nanoparticles and mixing them with current antibiotics. By focusing on ESKAPE organisms, the AMR problem may be tackled considerably more effectively. • Misuse of antibiotics has resulted in antibiotic resistance (AMR), which increases illness rates, causes serious infections, and raises healthcare expenses. • The ESKAPE genus contains Enterococcus faecium , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and other species. • Biofilms, dense microbial colonies covered by a matrix, cause therapeutic failure and development of AMR. • Nanomaterials, such as metal oxides and nanosized metals, show promising in fighting against AMR and biofilms. • Green-synthesized NPs provide a novel approaches to delivering medicines and biofilm destruction.