Thyroid hormone promotes fetal neurogenesis

Maternal low thyroxine (T4) serum levels during the first trimester of pregnancy correlate with cerebral cortex volume and mental development of the progeny, but why neural cells during early fetal brain development are vulnerable to maternal T4 levels remains unknown. In this study, using iPSCs obtained from a boy with a loss-of-function mutation in MCT8 - a transporter previously identified as critical for thyroid hormone uptake and action in neural cells - we demonstrate that thyroid hormone induces transcriptional changes that promote the progression of human neural precursor cells along the dorsal projection trajectory. Consistent with these findings, single-cell, spatial, and bulk transcriptomics from MCT8-deficient cerebral organoids and cultures of human neural precursor cells underscored the necessity for optimal thyroid hormone levels for these cells to differentiate into neurons. The controlled intracellular activation of T4 signaling occurs through the transient expression of the enzyme type 2 deiodinase, which converts T4 into its active form, T3, alongside the coordinated expression of thyroid hormone nuclear receptors. The intracellular activation of T4 in neural precursor cells results in transcriptional changes important for their division mode and cell cycle progression. Thus, T4 is essential for fetal neurogenesis, highlighting the importance of adequate treatment for mothers with hypothyroidism.