Exploring the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of livestock veterinarians on antibiotic prescription and use: insights from focus group discussions

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat impacting humans, animals, and ecosystems. Effective antibiotic stewardship in livestock veterinary practices is essential to combat resistance development and dissemination. This study aimed to explore Portuguese veterinarians' knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic prescription and use in livestock, namely bovine, swine, equine, and small ruminants. A qualitative methodology, focus groups (FGs), was conducted by videoconference, between July and December 2024. The FG guide was based on a comprehensive review of relevant literature. Sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis with webQDA software. Results: In total, 19 veterinarians participated in six FG. Three main themes were identified: (i) Antibiotic prescription, use, and management, (ii) Animal welfare management, and (iii) Fostering antibiotic stewardship. Veterinarians recognised the importance of prudent antibiotic use, but faced obstacles, such as farmer non-compliance, insufficient knowledge and/or economic constraints, and limited laboratory resources. National initiatives have increased awareness and surveillance efforts; however, implementation barriers remain, especially given regional farming differences. Findings suggest that addressing AMR requires medium- and long-term, tailored strategies involving policy reforms, enhanced veterinarian and farmer education, improved diagnostic capacity, and effective communication among stakeholders. Emphasising a One Health approach and considering regional contexts are vital to promoting responsible antibiotic use, advancing antibiotic stewardship, and reducing resistance.