Conjugate Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics

Nanotheranostics combines therapeutic and diagnostic functions within multifunctional nanoparticle platforms to enable precision medicine. This review outlines a comprehensive framework for engineering nanotheranostic systems, focusing on core material composition, surface functionalization, and stimuli-responsive drug delivery. Targeting strategies—from ligand-based recognition to biomimetic interfaces—are examined alongside therapeutic modalities such as chemotherapy, photothermal and photodynamic therapies, gene silencing via RNA interference, and radio sensitization. We discuss advanced imaging techniques (fluorescence imaging FI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and photoacoustic imaging for real-time tracking and treatment guidance. Key considerations include physicochemical characterization (e.g., article size, surface charge, and morphology), biocompatibility, in-vitro efficacy, and in-vivo biodistribution. We also address challenges such as rapid biological clearance, tumor heterogeneity, and clinical translation, and propose future directions for developing safe, adaptable, and effective nanotheranostic platforms. This review serves as a roadmap for advancing next-generation nano systems in biomedical applications.