Development of a Biodegradable Cellulose-Based Hydrogel from Agro-Waste for Enhanced Soil Moisture Retention and Growth of Fenugreek (Trigonella frenum-graecum

Water scarcity and inefficient irrigation practices present major challenges to sustainable agriculture.This study reports the development and application of an eco-friendly, biodegradable hydrogel synthesized from cellulose extracted from agro-waste materials-specifically sugarcane bagasse and pea peels-for improving soil moisture retention and promoting the growth of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum).Cellulose was isolated via alkali treatment and subsequently transformed into cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) through acid hydrolysis.The hydrogel matrix was synthesized using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), xanthan gum, and citric acid as a green crosslinker.Characterization via FTIR, FESEM, and EDS confirmed successful esterification, porous structure, and appropriate elemental composition.Thermogravimetric analysis revealed thermal stability up to 200C.Swelling studies indicated superior water absorption with 67% water retention after 15 days and moisture maintenance for up to 29 days.Application trials on Fenugreek showed enhanced germination rates (92% in hydrogel-treated soil versus 85% in control) and improved vegetative growth, including greater shoot height and healthier leaf development.Biodegradability tests indicated a 20% weight loss after 14 days of soil burial, with effective functionality lasting up to 10 weeks.The hydrogel demonstrates strong potential for sustainable agriculture, particularly in drought-prone regions.