Socio-demographic Disparities, Risk Factors, and Prevalence of Postpartum Depression Among Urban and Rural Women in Basrah, Iraq

Further complexity arises from evidence showing that the risk factors for PPD vary not just by geography, but also by maternal age, parity, socioeconomic status, and prior mental health history [8].For instance, young urban mothers may be disproportionately affected by social stressors such as preterm birth, single motherhood, and postpartum complications [3].