Three-dimensional magnetic field measurement of transcranial magnetic stimulation using a printed circuit board-based miniature orthogonal coil array

<i>Objective</i>. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising neuromodulation therapy for treating diseases such as depression and Alzheimer's disease. However, its efficacy depends on precise magnetic field targeting. Current measurement methods face a trade-off between accuracy and complexity. Their intricate designs limit miniaturization, and they are typically confined to one-dimensional detection.<i>Approach</i>. This study proposes a miniaturized printed circuit board (PCB)-integrated coil array (11.10 mm × 9.10 mm × 1.60 mm) as a novel solution to replace complex probe systems for the synchronous measurement of three-dimensional magnetic field components (<i>B</i>_<i>x</i>,<i>B</i>_<i>y</i>,<i>B</i>_<i>z</i>) generated by a figure-8 coil.<i>Results</i>. Using this approach, we simulated and measured the magnetic field distribution produced by a self-made figure-8 coil, demonstrating consistency with relative errors below 5%, 10%, and 15% along the line of interest (LOI) in the<i>x</i>,<i>y</i>,<i>z</i>directions, respectively. Variations in magnetic flux density from a commercial figure-8 coil were also measured at two specific spatial positions, showing consistent trends.<i>Significance</i>. The presented measurement probe enables feasible characterization of TMS-induced magnetic flux, with measured values aligning closely with simulated results. By integrating orthogonal coils into a compact PCB, it overcomes the traditional accuracy-complexity trade-off. Clinically, it assists in precise coil positioning during treatment, reducing off-target side effects via magnetic field validation. Technologically, its compact and cost-effective design accelerates testing of novel TMS coils, advancing the development of efficient neuromodulation devices.