Real-time and immediate effects of backward walking exercise on pain intensity and lumbopelvic movement control in individuals with chronic non-specific low back pain with lumbar flexion syndrome

Backward walking exercise emerges to benefit LBP patients with lumbar flexion syndrome by inducing real-time increase in back extensors and deep stabilizing muscle recruitment together with the immediate post-training improvement in pain intensity and LMC test performance. Further research with longer training duration and larger sample size are recommended to better understand if greater and more sustainable therapeutic effect can be achieved with the walking exercise in backward direction for this specified LBP subgroup.