Unveiling practical insights of eHealth implementation in Europe: a grey literature review on legal, ethical, financial, and technological (LEFT) considerations

This study highlights a disconnect between the strategic focus of available grey literature and the need for actionable, practice-based insights. The limited presence of real-world implementation experiences underscores the necessity for more operational documentation to support stakeholders facing interrelated LEFT barriers. Key challenges include the need for actionable legal and ethical frameworks, clearer ethical discussions aligned with legal requirements, sustainable financial infrastructures, and enhanced stakeholder involvement to address interoperability challenges. These challenges require cross-sector investment in IT infrastructures, harmonized data standards, and stronger collaboration among stakeholders. Coordinated efforts across all LEFT domains are crucial for effective eHealth implementation.