Addressing Childhood Obesity in Children in Need in Greece: Policy Implementers’ Knowledge, Perceptions and Lessons for Effective Implementation

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Policy implementers play a crucial role in the effective delivery of policies aiming at promoting a healthy lifestyle in the most vulnerable populations. This study aimed to explore (a) policy implementers' knowledge and perceptions of the policy framework promoting physical activity and healthy nutrition among children in need in Greece, and (b) self-perceived barriers and facilitators of the framework implementation. The term children in need refers to children who are at risk of poverty and/or social exclusion. <b>Methods:</b> A qualitative study design was employed consisting of semi-structured interviews with 25 policy implementers, who represented four delivery systems (health, social protection, food, and education sectors) from three geographical regions in Greece. Interviews were completed between November and December 2023. Thematic analysis was conducted using inductive and deductive approaches to identify key themes, following data management in the N-VIVO 14 software. <b>Results:</b> Commonly mentioned policies that study participants were involved in included school- and/or community-level-based behavioral interventions. Participants perceived policy implementation efforts that often relied on individual initiatives as inconsistent. Most participants argued that existing policies were not tailored to the needs of children in need. Major self-perceived barriers included limited personnel training, limited facilities and infrastructure, and lack of incentives or opportunities to encourage active participation. Major self-perceived facilitators included personnel motivation, integration of nutrition and physical education into school curricula, and provision of free school meals, which was associated with regular school attendance of children from the Roma communities. <b>Conclusions:</b> Individual, sociocultural, and structural issues are shown to persist across different delivery systems indicating the complexity of tackling obesogenic environments, especially among children in need. This is the first study in Greece to provide evidence on self-perceived barriers and facilitators and could inform ongoing national and European efforts to address obesogenic environments in children in need.