Multi-trait selection of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under semi-arid conditions in Algeria

The selection of high-yielding bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with superior agronomic traits is critical for improving productivity in semi-arid regions like Algeria. To address national reliance on wheat imports and enhance local production, a preliminary yield trial was conducted in Constantine (36°16′ N, 6°40′ E) during the 2018–2019 cropping season. A total of 112 bread wheat genotypes, including local and international entries and five local checks, were evaluated using an augmented design with four blocks. Significant variability was detected among genotypes and checks for most traits, confirming the presence of exploitable genetic diversity. Phenotypic correlations showed that grain yield was positively associated with spike density (r=0.463) and thousand-kernel weight (r=0.557), while it was negatively correlated with days to heading (r=-0.293), indicating the advantage of early heading under drought conditions. Using the Least Significant Increase (LSI) method, genotypes G29, G38, and G9 were found to be significantly earlier than several local checks, while G65 outperformed at least one check across all traits. In parallel, the Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) enabled the identification of 17 high-performing genotypes such as G60, G41, G65, and G111 alongside two superior local checks (C3 and C4). These genotypes combine favorable traits and are promising candidates for inclusion in breeding programs targeting yield stability and stress resilience. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into trait associations and highlights elite genetic materials suitable for advancing wheat improvement efforts in challenging semi-arid environments.