Direct polarization-entangled photon pair generation using domain-engineered nonlinear crystals

A biphoton polarization-frequency entanglement source was realized by shaping the phase-matching function of a periodically poled KTP crystal. It provides a simple method to achieve polarization (or spectral) entanglement in a simple collinear setup, based on single-pass SPDC and a dichroic (or polarizing) beam splitter. This is a robust and cost-effective configuration that can be easily implemented outside the laboratory environment. We characterized the source using two approaches: reconstructing the density matrix of the generated state with quantum state tomography, by recording the coincidences across 16 mutual polarization settings, in addition to a new method based on quantifying the symmetry of the joint spectral intensity by swapping between the signal and idler wavelengths. The polarization-entangled source violates the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt inequality with a measured S =2.747±0.004. We also measured the polarization entanglement visibility in two mutually unbiased polarization bases and evaluated the squeezing level by characterizing the reduction in visibility at high pump power.