Does Spirituality in Mindfulness-Based Interventions Go Too Far? An Investigation of Confucian Oneness in the Context of Mindfulness-Based Positive Psychology

The second-generation mindfulness-based interventions are featured by incorporating spiritual components rooted in Buddhism or other traditions, yet participants’ acceptance and value judgments of this incorporation have received little attention. This study investigated a second-generation mindfulness intervention focused on cultivating the mentality of Confucian oneness. Through interviews with 21 Mindfulness-Based Positive Psychology trainees, results showed that, despite being unanticipated and not meeting their initial needs, the cultivation of the mentality of Confucian oneness significantly benefited their meditation practices, enhanced positive emotions, and improved attitudes toward others. Participants found the worldview of oneness highly acceptable and acknowledged the value clarification provided in the course. This research represents the first focused effort to explore the cultivation of the mentality of Confucian oneness, supporting the inclusion of spiritual components in interventions beyond initial expectations and suggesting future research directions on ideal mentalities. Methodological issues on ideal mentalities were further discussed.