Applications of integrated geophysical methods for the glacier and paleo-landslide investigations in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

This study demonstrates the efficacy of integrated geophysical methods—including Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Passive Surface Wave (PSW), Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR), and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)—in assessing geohazards across the eastern Tibetan Plateau, focusing on paleo-landslides and oceanic glaciers. By applying these non-invasive techniques to sites such as the Mogangling and Dayi paleo-landslides, as well as the Zelongnong and Midui glaciers, the research reveals critical subsurface insights: secondary slip surfaces in landslides, fragmented accumulation bodies, deep faults, ice temperature gradients, and subsurface meltwater channels influencing glacier dynamics. Each method exhibits unique strengths—ERT for shallow resistivity contrasts, PSW/MASW for shear-wave velocity profiling, HVSR for rapid resonance analysis, and GPR for high-resolution imaging—while facing limitations in penetration depth, resolution, or conductive media. The integration of these approaches mitigates individual drawbacks, enabling comprehensive characterization of complex terrains. Findings underscore the value of multi-method geophysics in enhancing hazard mitigation frameworks, particularly in seismically active and high-altitude regions. This work advances strategies for risk assessment of landslides and glacial retreat, offering scalable solutions for geohazard management in the Tibetan Plateau and analogous environments.