Soft electroadhesion systems for soft robotics

Electroadhesion (EA) offers low power consumption, material versatility, and precise force control for soft robotics. This review examines EA principles, key performance variables, and recent advances in dielectric and electrode materials. Applications such as clutches, grippers, climbing robots, and haptic interfaces are discussed. Challenges remain, including high electric field requirement and slow response. Future directions include low-voltage systems, sensing integration, advanced fabrication, and ionic-based EA technologies.