The role of BECCS in Germany: a key to sustainable and permanent CO₂ removal?

Abstract BECCS (bioenergy with CO 2 capture and storage) combines CO 2 capture and storage with the use of bioenergy. This is a promising carbon dioxide removal method that can contribute to reaching national net-zero climate targets. In this study, we analyzed the current German bioenergy system and the related CO 2 flows to identify suitable BECCS routes based on biogenic waste and residues. Based on those findings, we calculated Germany’s total BECCS potential from today’s bioenergy use and concluded recommendations for implementation. In Germany, the existing bioenergy system already contributes to renewable energy supply, but is not yet geared towards BECCS. With the use of biogenic waste and residues, more than 25 million tons of CO 2 /year in the form of CO 2 and biochar could be made available for capture with the current bioenergy plant stock. To this end, existing bioenergy plants with high CO 2 capture potential (e.g., waste incineration plants and biomass cogeneration plants) can be expanded for BECCS. The successful establishment of BECCS depends on technology requirements, costs, environmental impact, and the societal and legal environment. It requires testing various BECCS methods and a secure investment environment for the development of business models and monitoring systems. Inclusive participation strategies are necessary for the successful implementation of BECCS to achieve a broad social acceptance. The combination of BECCS with nature-based measures for CO 2 removal (e.g., rewetting of peatlands), cascade use of biomass, and targeted provision of bioenergy in sectors that are difficult to defossilize is of crucial importance for environmental compatibility. In addition, BECCS must be integrated into the existing legal framework in order to minimize environmental risks and create the necessary infrastructure for CO 2 transport and storage.