Predictors of response to anti-VEGF combined with laser therapy in severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy: development and validation of a nomogram model from retrospective data

This validated nomogram-integrating glycemic stability, retinal ischemia, baseline severity, and systemic nutrition-provides individualized response probabilities for anti-VEGF and laser therapy. It enables risk stratification to guide treatment intensification in severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, addressing a critical unmet need in personalized retinopathy management.