Applications of Three Gene Engineering Mechanisms in Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Its complex molecular mechanisms make traditional treatments ineffective in some patients. In recent years, advances in genetic engineering technologies have opened up new possibilities for precision medicine in BC. Researchers have attempted to intervene in cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis through various genetic strategies. Preclinical studies are increasing, and therapeutic targets and delivery technologies are expanding. However, current research has largely focused on specific cases or single technologies, lacking a systematic integration and analysis of various genetic strategies from a mechanistic perspective. This paper reviews three major genetic engineering strategies for BC based on their therapeutic mechanisms: RNA interference, gene compensatory expression, and gene repair and deletion. Representative studies, key technologies, challenges, and development trends are analyzed for each. Furthermore, this paper summarizes common challenges across these different mechanisms regarding delivery efficiency, stability, and targeting, and proposes potential directions for future synergistic strategies. This paper helps clarify current research approaches in BC gene therapy from a mechanistic perspective, providing a reference for the design of subsequent cross-mechanism integration and precision intervention strategies. However, issues such as mechanism overlap and diversification of delivery platforms still need further in-depth exploration. Future research can focus more on multi-mechanism combination strategies, individualized treatment pathways, and feasibility assessment of clinical transformation.