Decoding the association between health level and human settlements environment: a machine learning-driven provincial analysis in China

This study provides robust evidence that the relationship between HSE and health is nonlinear, multidimensional, and highly interactive. Effective urban health governance requires coordinated development of urbanization, digital infrastructure, and public services, along with rational healthcare resource allocation. The findings offer actionable insights for health-oriented urban planning and policy formulation in rapidly urbanizing regions.