Photovoltaic energy harvesting for the power supply of medical devices

The increasing demand for sustainable and reliable power sources in portable and implantable medical devices has led to growing interest in photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting. Traditional power sources, such as batteries, are limited by finite energy capacity and frequent replacement or recharging needs, particularly in implantable devices where surgical intervention is required for battery replacement. Photovoltaic energy harvesting, which converts light into electrical energy, offers a promising alternative, especially in environments with consistent light exposure. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the advancements in PV technologies for powering medical devices. It covers various types of PV materials, design innovations, and the integration of energy storage systems. Additionally, the review highlights the application of PV systems in both external and implantable medical devices, while addressing critical challenges such as ensuring biocompatibility, optimizing performance in low-light conditions, and miniaturizing PV systems for implantation. The potential of PV energy harvesting to improve device longevity and reduce the need for invasive procedures is emphasized. This review concludes by outlining the current challenges and future directions needed to achieve widespread clinical adoption, aiming to contribute to the development of sustainable power solutions in healthcare.