Metformin in Oncology- Its Effect on Cancer Development and Progression

Purpose: This review examines the mechanisms and role of action of metformin in oncology, highlighting its potential as an anti-cancer drug beyond its primary use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.The article discusses the molecular pathways affected by metformin, as well as its clinical applications in various cancers, and synergistic effects with conventional therapies.Materials and Methods: The review synthesizes key preclinical and clinical studies on the anti-cancer properties of metformin, on its effects on metabolic pathways, induction of apoptosis, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment.We analyzed data on breast, colorectal, prostate, lung, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers.Results and discussion: Metformin exhibits multi-directional anti-cancer effects, including inhibition of tumor growth, inhibition of angiogenesis, and enhancement of response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy.Epidemiological studies have reported that cancer risk is reduced and prognosis improved in diabetes patients treated with metformin.Future work regarding dosing and patient selection is discussed.Conclusions: Metformin is a very interesting drug in the oncologic context, as it may be helpful not only for prevention, but also as adjuvant to treatment.Additional clinical studies should evaluate its integration with other existing therapies and its potential place in personalized cancer therapy.