Detection of unsafe workplace behaviors: Sec-YOLO model with FEHA attention

Detecting unsafe human behaviors is crucial for enhancing safety in industrial production environments. Current models face limitations in multi-scale target detection within such settings. This study introduces a novel model, Sec-YOLO, which is specifically designed for detecting unsafe behaviors. Firstly, the model incorporates a receptive-field attention convolution (RFAConv) module to better focus on the key features of unsafe behaviors. Secondly, a deformable convolution network v2 (DCNv2) is integrated into the C2f module to enhance the model's adaptability to the continually changing feature structures of unsafe behaviors. Additionally, inspired by the multi-branch auxiliary feature pyramid network (MAFPN) structure, the neck architecture of the model has been restructured. Importantly, to improve feature extraction and fusion, feature-enhanced hybrid attention (FEHA) is introduced and integrated with DCNv2 and MAFPN. Experimental results demonstrate that Sec-YOLO achieves a mean average precision (mAP) at 0.5 of 92.6% and mAP at 0.5:0.95 of 63.6% on a custom dataset comprising four common unsafe behaviors: falling, sleeping at the post, using mobile phones, and not wearing safety helmets. These results represent a 2.0% and 2.5% improvement over the YOLOv8n model. Sec-YOLO exhibits excellent performance in practical applications, focusing more precisely on feature handling and detection.