Combined effects of visual impairment and chronic kidney disease on all-cause mortality among middle-aged and older adults: a longitudinal, population-based cohort study in China

CKD was a significant predictor for all-cause mortality, while VI was not an independent risk factor for long-term survival. Participants with VI and CKD were at an increased risk of all-cause mortality. The effects attenuated with age. Our results may reveal the underlying mechanism behind the VI-CKD-mortality association and reinforce the importance of preventing and treating CKD and VI to avoid premature mortality in middle-aged and older adults.