Cybersecurity vulnerabilities in the food supply chain and their impact on food security: a systematic literature review

Purpose The food supply chain increasingly involves the use of computerised and smart technologies, such as network-connected sensors in agriculture. However, such systems may be vulnerable to cyberattacks, and the adequacy of current cybersecurity measures in the food supply chain is not clear. Although cyberattacks can adversely affect food security, food security metrics currently typically overlook cybersecurity as a risk factor. The purpose of this study is to identify cyber vulnerabilities in food production systems today. Design/methodology/approach This study undertakes a systematic literature review of 43 articles guided by three research questions. The research questions address the types of digital technologies used in the food supply chain, the cybersecurity vulnerabilities associated with them, and the food security implications of cybersecurity breaches. Findings The study finds that (1) there is a broad range of technologies used in the food supply chain but adoption rates are not well documented; (2) the food supply chain is characterised by complex cyber-physical systems with many vulnerabilities present at each stage; and (3) systemic food security risks related to cybersecurity are not adequately addressed by the existing research literature. Originality/value The study identifies potentially significant cyber vulnerabilities in food production systems today; makes an original contribution to food security studies by arguing for a widening of its scope to include cybersecurity; and argues that food cyber security should be given high priority by policymakers.