Chitosan nanoparticles for insulin delivery in type 1 diabetes: Overcoming challenges in bioavailability and long-term control

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) cohort requires a lifelong insulin supplement but the traditional insulin delivery systems have severe drawbacks such as unacceptable bioavailability of the drug, frequent regimens, lack of patient adherence. This paper will discuss the use of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) as a new form of insulin delivery vehicle, and the potential that this possesses to improve its effectiveness as a form of therapy. CNPs enhance the stability of insulin stabilizing it against enzymatic degradation; they also allow controlled release. On the other hand, their mucoadhesive properties prolong intestinal retention that can improve absorption and reduce dosing frequency, which can improve patient compliance. Again, the CNPs encapsulate insulin through electrostatic interactions that can prevent degradation in the gastrointestinal tract while endorsing sustained glucose regulation. Furthermore, this study specify that CNP-based insulin delivery significantly expands glycemic control and reduces hypoglycemia risks. Despite their advantages, challenges include variability in insulin release, scalability in production, and regulatory hurdles. Future advancements, such as hybrid systems and stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, aim to optimize stability and targeted insulin delivery. The integration of nanomedicine into diabetes management may revolutionize treatment, offering a more effective and patient-friendly approach.