The Role of Forensic Odontology in Modern Forensic Science: Applications, Responsibilities and Emerging Trends

Forensic odontology is a specialized field that integrates dental science with the legal system. It plays a vital role in human identification, age estimation, bite mark analysis, and the assessment of oral findings in cases of abuse and neglect. Teeth often serve as critical evidence in forensic investigations, especially when other biological materials are unavailable. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications, methodologies, legal obligations, and ethical responsibilities associated with forensic odontology. It addresses core techniques such as dental record comparison, radiographic evaluation, and DNA extraction from dental tissues, as well as the interpretation of oral injuries in both living and deceased individuals. A significant portion of the review is devoted to the legal and ethical dimensions of the field. Forensic odontologists frequently serve as expert witnesses and are legally mandated to report suspected cases of child abuse or neglect in many jurisdictions. This responsibility extends to the identification of clinical findings suggestive of trauma or mistreatment, particularly in vulnerable populations. The review also highlights concerns regarding the scientific reliability of certain practices, such as bite mark analysis, and the need for objective standards, transparent methodologies, and cautious interpretation. Despite its critical forensic value, forensic odontology remains underdeveloped in many countries, including Türkiye, where it is not formally recognized as a distinct specialty. The lack of structured training programs, accreditation pathways, and institutional integration poses a barrier to consistent and reliable practice. Moving forward, the discipline must prioritize scientific validation, educational reform, and the incorporation of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and digital imaging. Ultimately, strengthening scientific standards, establishing formal specialization pathways, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration will enable forensic odontology to maximize its contribution to modern forensic science.