An International Review of Hydrogen Technology and Policy Developments, with a Focus on Wind- and Nuclear Power-Produced Hydrogen and Natural Hydrogen

The potential for hydrogen to reshape energy systems has been recognized for over a century. Yet, as decarbonization priorities have sharpened in many regions, three distinct frontier areas are critical to consider: hydrogen produced from wind; hydrogen produced from nuclear power; and the development of natural hydrogen. These pathways reflect technology and policy changes, including a 54% increase in the globally installed wind capacity since 2020, plus new signs of potential emerging in nuclear energy and natural hydrogen. Broadly speaking, there is a considerable number of studies covering hydrogen production from electrolysis, yet none systematically examine wind- and nuclear-derived hydrogen, natural hydrogen, or the policies that enable their adoption in key countries. This article highlights international policy and technology developments, with a focus on prime movers: Germany, China, the US, and Russia.