Ionizing Radiation’s Effects on DNA and Its Correlation with the Development and Incidence of Leukemia: A Meta-Narrative Review.

Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly gamma radiation, has been linked to chromosomal damage that may lead to the development of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). This meta-narrative review analyzes existing literature to better understand the dose-dependent effects of radiation and how they influence leukemia risk across different populations. A total of 11 studies were synthesized for the review. The review draws from studies published between 2020 and 2025, while also incorporating historical data from the 1940s, including research on survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings. Data was collected through targeted searches of peer-reviewed literature, focusing on studies that examined radiation dosage, chromosomal abnormalities, and leukemia subtypes. AML is more frequently linked to prolonged, high-dose exposure, which often results in widespread DNA damage and insufficient repair. In contrast, CML is more commonly associated with lower, repeated doses and is often marked by the (9;22) chromosomal translocation. Age appears to be a consistent factor in both risk and prognosis, with increasing exposure over time corresponding to higher incidence and lower survival rates. Although findings related to gender, race, and ethnicity remain inconsistent, the meta-narrative review highlights the value of early genetic screening and long-term monitoring in at-risk groups. These insights support the need for re-evaluating radiation exposure thresholds and enhancing public health practices to better address the long-term effects of ionizing radiation. Cytogenetics Technology Program, School of Health Professions