Oncological treatment-related cystitis — pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are commonly used in the treatment of pelvic cancers, including prostate, bladder, cervical, and rectal malignancies. Despite progress in treatment planning and delivery, cystitis remains a frequent and challenging complication. It can occur in both acute and chronic forms and significantly affects patient quality of life. This review outlines the current knowledge on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approaches to treatment-induced cystitis. The article also discusses available therapeutic options, such as preventive strategies, intravesical therapies, hyperbaric oxygen treatment, and invasive procedures. Gre­ater emphasis on early recognition and tailored treatment strategies may help improve outcomes and reduce the burden of this complication.