Dimensional engineering: Fabrication, performance, and perspectives of multidimensional nanomaterials for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are indispensable for contemporary energy storage, powering portable electronics and enabling renewable energy integration. However, their limited energy density remains a critical barrier for demanding applications such as electric vehicles and aerospace devices. This review systematically examines recent advancements in multidimensional (0D-3D) nanomaterials for LIB electrodes, comparatively analyzing their dimension-dependent performance characteristics. Specifically, solid-phase, liquid-phase, and vapor-phase preparation methods are critically assessed, emphasizing their respective advantages and limitations regarding scalability. Dimension-specific advantages are highlighted: 0D nanomaterials (e.g., quantum dots) enhance interfacial compatibility and energy density; 1D nanostructures (e.g., nanowires) improve charge transport efficiency; 2D materials (e.g., graphene) maximize specific capacity; and 3D architectures promote electrode porosity and accommodate volume strain. Despite these advancements, persistent challenges include volume expansion, parasitic reactions, and high production costs. Future research must focus on elucidating interfacial mechanisms, enhancing system compatibility, and developing scalable synthesis methods. These efforts are critical for translating laboratory innovations into commercially viable next-generation LIBs.