Superconducting generators and cables for wind energy—A review

Abstract This review paper provides an overview of recent advancements in superconducting generators and cables for wind energy, with a focus on their potential to enable more compact and lightweight designs for large-scale wind energy systems. Superconductors, particularly high-temperature superconductors, offer a promising avenue for developing lightweight wind turbines. Traditionally, the weight of wind turbines increases with higher output; for 20 MW turbines, this can lead to excessive weight and volume. Superconductors can carry high currents and generate stronger magnetic fields while maintaining a lower volume and weight. Another significant advantage of superconducting generators is that their reliance on rare-earth metals is relatively lower than that of permanent magnet generators. However, the benefits of lighter and more powerful turbines come with challenges. Key issues such as high costs, AC losses, and production and supply chain concerns must be addressed to make superconducting generators commercially viable. Over the past two decades, substantial progress has been made in this field. This review highlights the work of researchers worldwide in superconducting wind energy, focusing primarily on superconducting generators. Notable projects, including the EcoSwing, SUPRAPOWER, UpWind, and the Innwind project, are also discussed. The outcomes of these initiatives have significantly contributed to the future development of this technology.