Assessing the Characteristics of Affordable and Adequate Housing with Access to Public Transportation: A Case Study in Urban Sub-Districts of Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has increased the demand for affordable and adequate housing, as well as access to efficient public transportation systems. These challenges are closely related to the targets outlined in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, which seeks to ensure inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities. Adequate housing is defined not only by physical infrastructure but also by access to clean water, sanitation, healthcare, and transport connectivity. This study aims to examine the characteristics of affordable and adequate housing in relation to public transportation accessibility in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, focusing on the sub-districts of Tanjung Karang Pusat, Tanjung Karang Timur, and Tanjung Karang Barat. The research employed a field-based survey method involving interviews and direct observations of 70 household samples. Key variables measured include the proportion of households with access to adequate and affordable housing, the percentage of the population with convenient access to public transportation, and the extent of service coverage by public transit. The findings reveal that 77% of households fulfill the criteria for adequate and affordable housing, whereas only 13% of the population enjoys convenient access to public transport, and 68% are covered by public transportation services. These results highlight a substantial disparity between housing provision and transportation accessibility, underscoring the necessity for integrated urban policies that promote spatial equity and sustainable development in rapidly growing urban areas.