<i>Lepidagathis pungens</i>-Based Silver Nanoparticles: A Green Solution for Nephroprotection and Diuretic Therapy

Background: Kidney diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent, necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Traditional medicinal plants, such as Lepidagathis pungens (LP), have demonstrated potential nephroprotective and diuretic effects. Aim: The integration of nanotechnology, specifically green-synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of LP. This study explores the nephroprotective and diuretic properties of LP-derived AgNPs. Methods: Silver nanoparticles were synthesised using Lepidagathis pungens extract through a green synthesis approach. Characterisation of the nanoparticles was performed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The diuretic and nephroprotective effects were evaluated in Wistar albino rats divided into six groups: control, standard (furosemide), LP extract (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg), and LP-AgNPs (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg). Urine output, electrolyte balance, and kidney function markers were assessed. Results: LP-AgNPs exhibited significantly enhanced diuretic activity, evidenced by increased urine output and improved electrolyte regulation. At a 500 mg/kg dose, LP-AgNPs produced a mean urine volume of 3.99 mL, comparable to the standard diuretic (furosemide, 5.51 mL). Electrolyte concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl− were significantly elevated in LP-AgNP-treated groups, indicating improved renal excretion. Histopathological analysis suggested nephroprotection, with LP-AgNPs preserving kidney tissue integrity. Conclusion: Green-synthesised LP-AgNPs offer a promising nephroprotective and diuretic strategy, leveraging traditional plant-based medicine and nanotechnology. These findings highlight their potential for kidney disorder management, warranting further studies on molecular mechanisms, formulation optimisation, and long-term safety. Major Findings: Green-synthesised Lepidagathis pungens-based silver nanoparticles (LP-AgNPs) showed high stability, 97.67% encapsulation efficiency, and sustained bioactive release, leading to significant diuretic activity and nephroprotection in vivo. At 500 mg/kg, LP-AgNPs increased urine output and electrolyte excretion comparable to furosemide, while preserving kidney tissue integrity.