Translating Past Medicinal Research Advances into Future Monitoring strategies using Microelectrode Arrays: A comprehensive Review and Forward-Looking Perspective

Microelectrode arrays devices are extensively utilized in basic research and clinical diagnostics, such as drug development based on cell analysis, establishment of a system for recognizing varied medical conditions, electrochemical detection of biomolecules, and therapeutic drugs. Microelectrodes are used to perform monitoring in microelectrode array, which may be either rigid or flexible depending upon the substrate employed to fabricate them. In contrast to conventional macroelectrodes (>1mm), the microelectrodes offer several benefits, like enhancement in mass transfer, quick achievement of steady state, decrease in non-faradaic current, and the capacity to boost current with microelectrode arrays. The unique characteristics features of microelectrode arrays allow them to function as efficient electrochemical sensor for biological and pharmacological applications, facilitating both in vivo and in vitro biological investigations. Microelectrode arrays are applied across a wide range of domains, from glucose and neurotransmitter detection to monitoring of biomolecules, neural activity, and cardiac arrhythmias. In past years, varied electrochemical biosensor for bioactive molecules have been accomplished with microelectrode arrays, with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. This review discusses, the latest advancements for fabrication of microelectrode arrays and varied application of these devices in biochemical analysis. In addition, the future monitoring strategies, integration with wearable, miniaturized platforms for personalized medicine and real-time health monitoring, biological, technical, and clinical problems using microelectrode arrays have also been discussed.