Evaluation of Mn-Phthalocyanine (Manganese phthalocyanine) Fuel Additives on Engine Vibration and Noise Characteristics in Gasoline Engines

This study investigates the effects of liquid-phase manganese phthalocyanine (Mn-Pc) additives on engine noise and vibration characteristics, based on an aminoborane-based fuel known for its environmentally friendly and combustion-enhancing properties. Two different mixtures were prepared: Mn-Pc5, containing 5% Mn-Pc, and Mn-Pc10, containing 10% Mn-Pc. These mixtures were tested on an experimental engine under load conditions ranging from 0 to 40 N and compared with a reference fuel, pure gasoline (B100). The results showed that the Mn-Pc blended fuels produced higher noise levels than B100, particularly under high load conditions. Mn-Pc5 reached up to 102 dB(A), while Mn-Pc10 recorded 100 dB(A); in contrast, B100 only reached 98 dB(A) and 96 dB(A) under similar conditions. These increases in noise levels suggest the possibility of faster combustion or higher ignition pressures with the Mn-Pc additives. In terms of vibration, Mn-Pc10 exhibited the highest value at 140 m/s², exceeding the 110 m/s² measured for B100. Overall, while Mn-Pc additives show potential advantages in combustion performance, they also lead to increased noise and vibration, which may negatively impact driving comfort and mechanical safety. Therefore, further optimization of the additive formulation is necessary to achieve a better balance between performance and operational stability.