Tackling Threats from Emerging Fungal Pathogens: Tech-Driven Approaches for Surveillance and Diagnostics

Emerging fungal plant pathogens are significant biotic stresses to crops that threaten global food security, biodiversity, and agricultural sustainability. Historically, these pathogens cause devastating crop losses and continue to evolve rapidly due to climate change, international trade, and intensified farming practices. Recent advancements in diagnostic technologies, including remote sensing, sensor-based detection, and molecular techniques, are transforming disease monitoring and detection. These tools, when combined with data mining and big data analysis, facilitate real-time surveillance and early intervention strategies. There is a need for extension and digital advisory services to empower farmers with actionable insights for effective disease management. This manuscript presents an inclusive review of the socioeconomic and historical impacts of fungal plant diseases, the mechanisms driving the emergence of these pathogens, and the pressing need for global surveillance and reporting systems. By analyzing recent advancements and the challenges in the surveillance and diagnosis of fungal pathogens, this review advocates for an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to address the growing threats posed by these emerging fungal diseases. Fostering innovation, enhancing accessibility, and promoting collaboration at both national and international levels are crucial for the agricultural community to protect crops from these emerging biotic stresses, ensuring food security and supporting sustainable farming practices.